Week 7
  This week, I will write about field of chemistry. Do you know how many field chemistry have? Chemistry has many field. And it is increasing. Modern chemistry was divided from alchemy in the middle age (from week 1). Modern chemistry do not have long history. So the study have rapidly developed. I will introduce various field.

Organic chemistry
 This chemistry research composition and nature of organic compounds which include carbon atom in the structure except CO2 and CO. Organic compounds have both of combination which is C-C combination and C-H combination or either the two combination. Why was this field created? Because carbon have limitless possibility. Now the number of carbon compound is much more than the number of material which do not include carbon. And the materials which compose our body (for example, protein, nucleic acid, sugar, lipid (fat)) have carbon atom.

Inorganic chemistry
 This chemistry research element, simple substance (単体), inorganic compound. In other words, study of material of not carbon compounds. This chemistry have the longest history in field of chemistry. Modern chemistry is based on alchemy (week 1). Since alchemy mainly researched inorganic compound, first of modern chemistry was inorganic chemistry until J. J. Berzelius used ''organic chemistry'' and ''organic compound'' in 18 century.

Technological chemistry
 This chemistry predict a new substance of nature and explain the known fact of experiment by using numerical formulas and technological model. For example, to research boiling point or melting and a chemical reaction point by using physics. (the same thing is written week 5)

Photo chemistry
 This chemistry research substance whose state is irradiated light. In this chemistry, organic and inorganic compounds are used. The light which is used is decided by the wavelength. X-ray and γ-ray, in short wavelength is very short, are studied in radio chemistry.

Nuclear chemistry
 This chemistry research artificial radioactive material. This is field of inorganic chemistry. Artificial radioactive materials are formed in nuclear reaction. Begin of this field, nuclear chemist researched substance like Plutonium (Pu) which are able to be produced huge quantity. But new artificial radioactive materials are formed a few. So recently nuclear chemistry is same as nuclear physics.

Environmental chemistry
 This chemistry research phenomena which cause in natural world. Aquatic chemistry and soil chemistry are one of this field. But Green Sustainable chemistry is not in this field. The objective of this is to understand circulation of material in natural world and to offer a way of environmental research.

Cosmo chemistry
 This chemistry research structure of star. This chemistry research two ways. One way is to use the spectrum. The other way use meteorite or sample which is picked up by a space probe.

Natural product chemistry
 This chemistry research materials which is produced by creature. In general, this chemistry do not research coal and oil. This chemistry was same as organic chemistry until chemist discovered that organic compounds are able to be produced artificially. And the objective changed to supply the huge price material like dye, perfume and medicine.

Week 6
  This topic I talk to about effect of chemistry. Chemistry is one of the field of science. So chemistry has influenced our day of life. Now chemical material is rapidly increasing. Human being has created 5 million substance. This fact indicate rapid development of chemistry. Now chemical substance is being　synthesized or separated per 2.6 seconds in the world. There are positive side and negative side in the effect of chemistry.
  Positive side is battery, chemical fertilizer and chemical seasoning. Battery is essential in our day of life. Battery is used in various category. For example, cell phone, car, iPad, electric dictionary and so on. And battery have possibility which improve our life. The possibility is fuel battery. Fuel battery do not harm environment. It only throws away water. Chemical fertilizer dramatically increased the harvest of agriculture. So chemical fertilizer saved many poor people. Chemical fertilizer include phosphorus (in chemical formula P), nitrogen (in chemical formula N) and potassium (in chemical formula K). The three material is thought as three element which is needed to grow agricultural products. Chemical fertilizer is sometimes said that it harms human's body. But it is not true. If you use chemical fertilizer appropriately, chemical fertilizer do not harm our body. Chemical seasoning also cause changes our food culture. Some substances are used as chemical seasoning. For example, glutamic acid, inosinic acid and guanylic acid and so on. These substance arouse our organ of flavor. Chemical seasoning improved quality of food which is cooked and sold in shop and foods cooked in home.

  Negative side is environmental pollution. In Japan, there are 4 big environmental pollution. First,  Minamata disease. This affair was caused by chemical company chisso in Kumamoto. This disease caused damaged people speech disorder, disequilibrium and hearing disorder and so on. And in the worst case the patient was dead. The cause of these symptom is methylmercury. The first patient found in 1953. But the disease was known to people and officially discovered in 1956. I think that this is too late to discover.  Second, second Minamata disease. This affair was caused by Showadenko in Niigata in 1965. The same symptom was admitted. It is said that this affair was caused by default of government. If government had acted properly to first minamata disease, second minamata disease would not have happened when first minamata disease was caused. Third, Itai-itai disease. This was caused in Toyama from 1910 to 1970. This is first Japanese environmental pollution. The cause of disease is cadmium. The symptom of this disease is weak and brittle bones. Fourth, Yokkaiti asthma. This was happened from 1960 to 1972 in Mie. The cause of material was sulfurous acid gas which was discharged from industrial complex. The gas which included cause of material was called "white smog. The symptom was asthma. And the worst case, the patient was dead. This disease had a possibility that cause heart attack and lung cancer. 
 I think if we did not use chemical substance appropriately, chemical substance would harm us greatly.   

Week 5
  This week I talk to about Chemist. How do you think about chemist? In Japanese general image, chemist wear "hakui"(a white gown) and do experiment which makes a new material. But in fact, there are many kind of chemist. So I will introduce 4 main type of chemists .

Technological chemist
 They research boiling point or melting and a chemical reaction point by using physics. They predict a new substance of nature and explain the known fact of experiment by using numerical formulas and technological model. They mainly use computer and do not wear a white gown. Keniti Fukui is the famous technological chemist. He won the Nobel Prize of chemistry. He showed that chemical reaction can be estimated by computing. Technological chemists mainly belong to university as a professor.

Analytical chemist
 They detect chemical substance and research a way that separate purpose substance from sample. For example, they research foods to know whether or not poisonous substance is in it. They are needed knowledge of electromagnetism. The famous person in them is Kouiti Tanaka. He is winner of the Nobel Prize. He discovered the way that analize the structure of protein. There are analytical chemists in company which manage foods or water supply.

Synthetic chemist

トランスポリアセチレン
（電気を通すプラスチック）

 Synthetic chemist is general image of chemist. They make a new chemical substance. One of the most famous synthetic chemist is Hideki Shirakawa. He also won the Nobel Prize with Alan Jay Heeger and Alan Graham Mac Diarmid. They made a new plastic which has electrical conductivity. Another famous chemist is Ryozi Noyori. He succeeded in making a new type of chemical compound. This type of chemist mainly belong to university or company.

クラゲの発光の素となるタンパク質

Biochemist
 Their research have a relation to creature, enzyme and foods. They research structural substance of creature and work of the substance in our body.They are needed knowledge of biology. Two Japanese person are especially famous for achievement of biochemistry. One of them is Osamu Shimomura. He clarified the mechanism of emission of light of jellyfish and made a base of technology which is essential to research state of chemical reaction. The other is Umetaro Suzuki. He discovered vitamin-B1. They won the Nobel Prize. Biochemists work in food maker, company of medicine and so on.

 As you can see, chemist is needed not only knowledge of chemistry but also another field of science.

 Next I introduce license of chemistry. Do you know about license of chemistry? There are licenses of the chemistry. But these license do not need to be chemist. However if you work in chemical company, these license are needed. The licenses are Hazardous Material Engineer, Administer of prevention of environmental pollution. If you have the license of Hazardous material engineer, you can deal with the dangerous materials which is designated by law. The person who has Administer of prevention of environmental pollution can administer the work about environmental pollution. And specific plants are obligated to select the person who has Administer of prevention of environmental pollution.

 Thank you for reading.

Week 4
 This week I talk about college. Now there are many colleges in the world. For example, Japan has 778 colleges, America has 2629, Korea has 407, Germany has 370, The United Kingdom has 167, France has 94 and so on. As you can see, Japan has the second most colleges in the world. By the way, how is the quality of Japanese university? According to World University Ranking (Times Higher Education), Number 1 is California Institute of Technology, 2 is University of Oxford, 3 is Stanford University. Top 10 is American or European university only. About Japanese university, Tokyo university is 27th, the university of Kyoto is 54th, and Tokyo technical university is 128th.  Compared to last year, on the whole, Japanese universities lowered their rank. By contrast, Chinese and Korean university raised their rank. So Times Higher Education says that the distribution of power of higher education is shifting from America and Europe to Asia. But in chemistry, Japanese university is not so bad. Kyoto university ranked number 9 and the university of Tokyo do 11 (Academic Ranking of World Universities). Not American or European university is Kyoto university only in the top 10. Japanese colleges are higher in the field of physics and chemistry. However in the other field, there are no name of Japanese university in higher rank. Especially, in economy and literature Japanese universities are out of ranking.

  But these ranking do not show all of worth of the university. There are some standards that judges decide which college is superior or inferior to the other universities. The standards are not same but depend on the persons who edited the ranking. For example, the ranking of Times Higher Education said that they mainly evaluated 13 performance indicators which are grouped into five areas: Teaching (the learning environment), Research (volume, income and reputation), Citations (research influence), Industry income (innovation), International outlook (staff, student and research). Shanghai Jiao Tong University which edited Academic Ranking of World Universities said that they evaluate universities by 6 standard of evaluation: the number of people who won the Nobel prizes and Fields prizes after graduate the school, the number of staff who won the Nobel prizes and Fields prizes, the number of scholar who is highly cited their thesis in 21 broad subject categories, the number of thesis which is published in Nature and Science, the number of thesis which is indexed in Science Citation Index expanded and Social Science Citation Index, per capita academic performance of an institution. In short, Academic Ranking of World Universities do not evaluate the side of education and evaluate achievements of professor or graduate people. Academic Ranking of World Universities attach greater importance to quality of as research institution than to education.
  Each ranking have each standard. So we cannot determine the worth of university. I think if you want to be scholar, you should evaluate what does the university study. But you can use as one of standard to evaluate each university. If you have a interest, I want you to see the ranking of university.

Week 3
  This week I talk about education. This topic is not only about chemistry but also all of science. Now a phenomenon is causing in the education of science. The phenomenon is called "rikabanare" in Japanese. It means that children who is interested in science are decreasing per year. This phenomenon is especially causing in Japan. It is said that academic ability of Japanese children ranks higher in the world. Japan ranked number 1 in math and number 2 in science literacy in the test of OECD which targeted 32 countries in 2000. But according to the research of national laboratory of education policy, the upper grade, children who think that science is interesting are decreasing. And children who think that science is important in everyday of life and that they want to be the job which is related to science in the future are also decreasing. A book, Education and destructive innovation, which was written by Clayton M. Christensen, says about the phenomenon that student can get a great return which guarantee escape from poverty to study science, engineering, and mathematics when developing country develop their economy whose base is industry. But if the country have prosperity and stability, students can study subjects that they feel interesting and want to learn. In other words, in developing country, it is simple way to get return that study science, mathematics and engineering. However in developed country, there are many ways to get return expect science, mathematics and engineering. This problem is very serious for Japan. Because Japan have gotten money of foreign country by selling product that is made in Japan. If skill of science of Japan is inferior, products that made in Japan come not to sell and Japanese economy will collapse. So this problem is related to our life indirectly.
  The present situation of "rikabanare" is like this. Many person are thinking about this problem to solve the problem. Japanese government announced to hold the Olympic of science. You may know the Olympic of science (I will talk about Olympic of science in week 8). But this is for junior high school students. Japanese government do another way. Government choose some high school as super science high school. There are 52 schools in Japan. These school can do different thing which is decided by standard of education and get support and money. And there are many people that do another ways. For example, science professor hold a activity to come in contact with the nature, college students visit junior or junior high school to teach science, to create a new job that the person who get the job teach students science only. I think that it is important to have children known advantage of studying science. Now income of graduates of course of science is more \1000000 than that of course of literature. children want high income and stability. So I think that it is important to teach children high income and stability of job of science.
  Thank you for your reading.